Life and Work of Arthur Norman Prior
Last updated: 2018-06-29 12:31:04
This is a brief synopsis for a second edition of 'Papers on Time and Tense' 1968a, with a new preface. (This second edition has never appeared.) The new table of contents, as suggested by Prior, goes like this: New Table of Contents
It is worth noting that in 'Worlds, Times and Selves' 1977a, Kit Fine included four of those chapters (XV, XVII, XVIII, XX) suggested by Prior himself for this second edition of 'Papers on Time and Tense'. See also Folder with material for the book 'Worlds, Times and Selves'/box 7. |
This item contains amongst other things a large section on Adam Gib's 'Sacred Contemplations', a piece of devotional literature cherished by Prior. (Cf. [Kenny 1970]). The project was given up after the Priors' house was burnt in 1949 (signs of burns are quite evident on this manuscript). Mary Prior writes: "This was an important project until 1949. The burning of the house was a turning point!" Thereafter, Prior turned his attention decisively towards logic. In so far as he discussed theology in later work, it was to be predominantly under the perspective of its inter-relationship with logical issues. See also [Hasle 1997b], and A folder of papers on theology/box 7.
The paper is marked CUC (Canterbury University College). It is later than 1954 (latest reference is to Ryle's 'Dilemmas', 1954) and probably from the period 1957–58. (See also 1956b for thematical overlaps.)
--- Per Hasle
Attached to this manuscript a handwritten plan of chapters (or sections) is found. For that reason the manuscript was in all likelihood intended as the introduction to a book. The plan of chapters roughly reads as follows:
It seems, then, that this project was never realised, at least not exactly in this form, but the subjects indicated are dealt with in books and papers by Prior. |
Apparently broadcast in NZ in 'This Week's Overseas News', 01.10.48 10 a.m.
--- Per Hasle
Mary Prior (1997) thinks that this has been published somewhere.
--- Per Hasle
A discussion of deontic logic.
--- Per Hasle
According to a note by Mary Prior ('BR'): "Probably prepared for NZ Broadcasting corporation for future use on occasion of Russell's death"; probably from after 1960 (as it happens, Russell long outlived ANP). Also compare with 1967j.
--- Per Hasle
This manuscript is a review of Austin, J.L.: 1962, Sense and Sensibilia, Clarendon Press, Oxford, which ANP was asked to write for MIND. Mary Prior ('BR') has added this observation: "Unpublished – deliberately I think. A. was asked to write this for 'Mind'.". One may add that the review is critical of Austin's thought, although that would hardly be a sufficient reason for not publishing it.– In addition one finds many pages (ca. 40) of scattered notes on the same subject. |
In 'Some Free Thinking About Time', Prior stated his belief in indeterminism as well as the limitations to Divine Foreknowledge very clearly:
We may add that Prior uses some examples which may place this version even later than does Øhrstrøm, namely around or a little before 1962: "God cannot know that 2 and 2 are 5, because 2 and 2 aren't 5, and if He's left some matter to someone's free choice, He cannot know the answer to the question 'How will that person choose?' because there isn't any answer to it until he has chosen"; cf. 1962e, pp. 114–115, 122, 129. Moreover, he uses the argument about what we mean when saying 'Thank Goodness that's over', cf. 1959b. One might conjecture, then, that SFTT was first drafted in 1953, but that the version kept in the Bodleian Library and published in (Copeland 96) may be significantly later and substantially reworked, possibly for a talk. See also [Hasle 1997b]. |
The original must have been written around 1968 and in any case no earlier than 1967, since Prior on p. 1 describes himself as 'Author of Past, Present and Future, The Clarendon Press, 1967'. Nevertheless, Mary Prior ('BR') has added this note: "This may have been concocted for that Armenian philosopher who was here in 1966". If so, one must presume that the existing version was (re-)written somewhat later, but at any rate Mary Prior's remark has, of course, the form of a conjecture.) |
Original DATE: ca. 1966-67? When the paper was originally written remains to be established more conclusively. But in 1976b, Geach and Kenny (implicitly) date this paper as lying between 1965 and 1968 (namely the papers 'The cogito of Descartes and the concept of self-confirmation' 1965b, and 'Intentionality and intensionality' 1968d). ('Intentionality and intensionality' was according to [Kenny 1970, p. 346] in fact written in 1966.)
Two versions are found, respectively HW (13 p.) and T (10 p.).
Original DATE: Ca. 1962.
In 1976b, Geach and Kenny (implicitly) date this paper as 1962 (it occurs between the papers 'Nonentities' 1962b and 'Some Problems of Self-reference in John Buridan' 1962i). (It may be noted that 'Nonentities' was according to [Kenny 1970, p. 341] in fact written in 1955. Nevertheless, the position of 'What is Logic' in 1976b must indicate that Geach and Kenny estimate this paper to have been written in 1962.)
--- Per Hasle
Quite likely these items were meant to be included as (or reworked for) parts of ANP's project of writing a History of Scottish theology (this has been suggested by Mary Prior, and would certainly be reasonable on grounds of their contents).
The folder contains the following items:
...unites the doctrine of Predestination with that of Christ's Person and Work so intimately that neither has any meaning without the other. Predestination – the doctrine that God "chooses" men for himself no matter what they themselves may be or do – means that from all eternity God sees us, not as we are in ourselves, lost men and reprobates, but as we are in His Son Who came to take our place... [p. 12]
One might say – somewhat crudely – that on such an interpretation the division stated by the doctrine of predestination is no so much a division between different individuals as a division within each individual. Prior concludes that "Calvinists have increasingly succumbed to the temptation to replace the distinction between what men are in Christ and what they are in themselves, by one between different groups of men...". [p. 13]. See also [Hasle 1997b].
Dating: Ca. 1941.
The paper was at first entitled 'Ut omnes unum sint': "That they may all be one" [in Christ], John 17. (This was the chapter which the Scottish Presbyterian reformer John Knox asked to have read on his death-bed, cf. 1946b, p. 20.) The paper was obviously written around 1941-42, when Prior was in London. Whether it was submitted while Prior was in London is not clear; but by all evidence it was submitted late in 1942, briefly after he returned to New Zealand (unfortunately, it is not known to which journal). The problems dealt with as well as the references suggest that it is a follow-up to Prior's work in 1940 on the proposed revision of the Westminster Confession.(See also Additions to Bibliography 1940o and Scrapbook Listings, section 1, item 97.)
The paper discusses the work of John Witherspoon (1722–1794), who in the course of his life went from being a Presbyterian minister of the parish of Paisley to become a President of Princeton. In his writings, he poured scorn on the (rationalistic) "Moderates"; nevertheless he urged moderation among Evangelicals, seeing clearly the dangers of an uneducated ministry and excessive emphasis on personal religious feeling. He was engaged in politics, especially during the American War of Independence, where he was a signator to the Declaration of Independence. But he stressed a difference between the Church's religious role and political activity – i.e. he accepted a sharp distinction between Church and State. Prior mentions this with approval (even though Prior himself combined his Christianity with a commitment to Socialism). Dating: written ca. 1940, when Prior was attached to 'New Zealand House', London. |
The paper is rather harsh in its attitude towards Catholicism:
"The earliest documents of the Reformation are full of this note of "deliverance" from the strained "religious" moralities of heathenism and the mixture of heathenism and Christianity that make up the faith of the Papacy..." [p. 2]
Discussing the relation between Calvinism and Capitalism, it is observed that one striking historical result of the Reformation was "the liberation of merchants and townsmen from the atmosphere of suspicion which had surrounded their activities in the Middle Age", thus supporting "The economic progress which extending trade and the growth of cities alone could bring about..." [p. 6]; "... while Luther abolished individual distinctions between priests and soldiers and peasants, he retained the basic medieval suspicion of commerce, which Calvin's more radical Protestantism alone was able to overcome". [p. 7]
It is worth noting that Prior here seems to offer – or at least to refer with approval – an argument for Calvinism over Lutherdom. Also striking is the acceptance of a relatively positive description of Capitalism; given Marxist theory this is perhaps not surprising, but some critical (socialist) qualifications of it could have been expected.
Dating: written ca. 1940, when Prior was attached to 'New Zealand House', London. See also [Kenny 1970, p. 324]. A number of thematically related papers are found in. Scrapbook Listings, section 1 (items 5, 14, 15, 23, 31 and 43).
This paper examines the ideas of Dr. William Wishart (d. 1752), Principal of the University of Edinburgh at the early/mid-Eighteenth Century, put forth in his 'Discourses'. The main theme of the discussion is the State. Prior discusses the development from early revolutionary Calvinism in Scotland into its role as a part of established society, of which Wishart is an exponent – and the related transformation of the "Calvinist myth", being an idea of a state ruled by Calvinist orthodoxy. By and large, Prior sees this as a natural and acceptable development, finding that Wishart is not all that far from John Knox (with whom Prior dealt in several papers, see [Hasle 1997b], or e.g. 1946b.). The paper opens and ends with placing this development into the sociology of French syndicalist Georges Sorel. Not surprisingly, the paper also contains some approving references to Barth (his 'Church and State'). (- It may be of some peripheral interest that Wishart was a chief opponent to Hume's candidature in 1745 for a chair in Moral Philosophy in Edinburgh, on grounds of Hume's anti-religious writings. Hume did not obtain the chair.) |
There would be almost universal agreement that the original Calvinist doctrine of predestination requires revision... The cue to the revision that is necessary is already given in the original confession itself, when it takes over the Biblical description of the Church as "the fulness of him that filleth all in all." The Calvinist doctrine of predestination should be criticised in the light of what is here cited as its own proof-text, Ephesians 1. [p. 1]
His comments on the Westminster Confession were further elaborated in The Logic of Calvinism/box 7. Some papers built on these analyses were published two–three years after, e.g. in 'Background of the Westminster Assembly', Presbyter 33, 1942, and 'The Forms of Thought of the Westminster Standards', Presbyter 21, 1942, i.e. Additions to Bibliography 1942i and Additions to Bibliography 1942f. (See also Scrapbook Listings, section 4, items 15 and 16).
See also [Hasle 1997b], [Kenny 70, p. 325].
An elaboration of Prior's work on the Westminster Confession (begun in Notes on the Westminster Confession/box 7). In this paper, he (further) criticises 'The Orthodox Calvinist doctrine' of predestination for maintaining "that men are created saved men or damned men; what then becomes the necessity of a "new creation"? We seem to have moved a long way from the original premise of the doctrine of predestination, which is that men have nothing to hope for in themselves, and everything to hope for in Christ, in whom God has seen them from all eternity." [p. 17] These remarks are indicative not only of his concern about predestination, but also anticipate his (Barthian) answer to such worries (which is given in a more elaborate manner in Robert Barclay: Quaker or Calvinist?/box 7, as well as the considerably later 'Supralapsarianism', 1947d). See also [Hasle 1997b]. Dating: The contents points to ca. 1940. However, it is written on paper marked 'National Patriotic Fund Board' together with a small picture of military servicemen, and with the header 'On Active Service'. This might indicate that it was written while ANP was in the Air Force (1943-45). See the remarks on Notes on the Westminster Confession/box 7. |
Built as a dialogue between Historian, (Barthian) Theologian, and (atheist) Humanist, the paper opens with a quote from Karl Barth (the fourth of his "main theses" on God's Election of Grace in his 'Dogmatic'): "...that the choice of the Godless is null and void, that he belongs to Jesus Christ from eternity and thus is not rejected, but rather chosen by God in Jesus Christ, that the reprobation which he deserves on the basis of his wrong choice is borne and removed by Jesus Christ...". [p. 1]. This being a significant prelude, given Prior's constant preoccupation with the problems of predestination, respectively determinism, the paper proceeds as a discussion among the three on the subjects of (i) Our knowledge and our Ignorance of God, (ii) The Paradox of Evil, (iii) Atheism and Evil, (iv) The Two edged Sword, (v) God's Strategic Retreat. In good Priorean style, central themes are quickly identified and lucidly debated, but I content myself with a significant quote concerning predestination: "We are not called upon to do the really crucial acting here – we are not called upon to "take damnation lovingly" [as Christ did on the Cross], and we couldn't do it if we were; but we are called upon to live as those for whom God himself has done this. And that is the whole of the negative side of predestination – the whole meaning of "predestination to damnation". And the positive side, too. It is the Gospel." [p. 17]. This – especially when taken together with the Barth-quote above – may well be Prior's answer to his own qualms and fears about the Calvinist doctrine of predestination. It is interesting to compare this paper with 'Can Religion Be Discussed?' (1942a). Both are cameos, built as dialogues between invented persons typifying certain positions. But here, the implicit answer to the question: Can Religion Be Discussed? is a (qualified) affirmation. In the course of the discussion, Humanist at times seem to be on the point of saying that further discussion is not possible – venting reservations, which have no doubt been troubling Prior himself: "It seems to me frankly, that the central affirmations of Christianity are self-contradictory and absurd, and Barth even seems at times to be saying as much himself... One cannot even discuss Christianity then, for if it is self-contradictory, then its statements just cancel out one another and there's nothing to discuss" [p. 3-4]. Actually, Theologian and Historian (who is also a Christian, as his statements in the long run make it clear) are on the point of concurring – that further discussion is meaningless; but the discussion does carry on, indeed in a meaningful way. If this paper is later than 1942a (I think it is – see 'Dating' below) it may well be seen as reflecting Prior's own overcoming his religious crisis vented in 1942a. In 'Faith, Unbelief and Evil', Theologian is given the last word: 'Faith may be awakened in men by their seeing how near they have brought us to the loss of it - as we all brought God near to loss of faith in Himself [Jesus on the Cross] - or it may not; but to this degree all events, "as was the master, so must the servant be" ". [p. 19]. Dating: Ca. 1943. This paper was probably written 1943 and related to ANP's crisis of belief around this time: According to [Kenny 1970, p. 326] it "was never published, it looks forward to Logic and the Basis of Ethics" (i.e. Prior 1949a)). - The paper has references to a number of thinkers dealt with in other theological papers by Prior in the early fourties, also using some of the same quotes; these persons are Wishart (spelled Wisheart, repeatedly), Crawford, Rutherford (spelled Rutherfurd, repeatedly), Witherspoon, Dickie, Twisse, Edwards, "Rabbi" John Duncan, and, of course, Calvin, Knox, and Karl Barth. See also [Hasle 1997b]. |
The paper warns against taking for granted the gains of "Modernism", especially the right to free and critical inquiry, and also deals with the position of Christianity in the face of Modernism. It rejects fundamentalism, but otherwise embraces Christianity – warning, however, against a "bringing-up-to-date" of Christianity (such as the one taking place in Germany at the time). ANP states that "To pay complete and sincere respect to the disinterestedness of the pure scientist is not always so easy even for the enlightened believer as it is sometimes made to sound. It remains none the less our abiding duty." [p. 4]. It is observed, however, that scientists, being men, need to be defended from making a religion out of science, a defence which is a duty of Cristian thinkers. Finally, the modernist spirit is endorsed: "...the Modernist spirit, the spirit of free and critical inquiry and hard and courageous thinking, is as unpopular as ever it was, and will need our militant defence for a very long time to come." [p. 6]. Dating: written ca. 1940, when Prior was attached to 'New Zealand House', London. |
The paper is marked CUC (Canterbury University College), and is evidently after 'Time and Modality' 1957a. This dates it with certainty between 1957-58.
--- Per Hasle
This material was used by Kit Fine for 1977a. At the general level, this material (and the book) deals with the relation between modal logic and quantification theory. The logical and philosophical aim was to "was to show that modal and tense logic could stand on their own, that talk of possible worlds or instants was to be reduced to them rather than the other way round" (Kit Fine, 1977a, p. 8). In this endeavour, a significant formal part consists in developing the egocentric counterpart to ordinary tense or modal logic, whose crucial feature is the operator Q "that picks out those propositions that correspond to instants, worlds or selves, as the case may be". (Kit Fine, 1977a, p. 8). An immediate idea of the way in which the book makes use of this archive material can be had from the following brief survey: Chapters 2, 4, 5, 6 of 1977a are reprints of 2: 1968h. 'Egocentric logic', Nous, Vol. 2 (1968), pp. 191-207. 4: 1969d. Worlds, times and selves, L'Age de la Science, No. 3 (1969), pp. 179-191. 5: 1969e. 'Tensed propositions as predicates', The American Philosophical Quarterly, Vol. 6 (1969), pp. 290-297. 6: 1968k. 'Modal Logic and the Logic of Applicability', Theoria, Vol. 34. (1968), pp. 183-202.
(It is worth noting that all of these chapters were suggested by Prior himself for inclusion in a second revised edition of 'Papers on Time and Tense' 1968a; see Notes on a new edition of 'Papers on Time and Tense'/box 7.) The parts using archival material are these: Chapter 1 is Prior's introduction 'The parallel between Modal Logic and Quantification Theory', chapter 3 is a supplement to 'Egocentric Logic', chapter 7 is a supplement to 'Modal Logic and the Logic of Applicability'. Finally there is chapter 8, Kit Fine's postscript. The folder also contains one of ANP's last scribbled notes (written in Åndalsnes, Norway), with the following significant phrase: "What is time? Time is a logical construction". |
See Robert Barclay: Quaker or Calvinist?/box 7; the two manuscripts share a (verbatim) identical content, and differ only with respect to title. However, ANP has added a few comments/corrections, different for each manuscript version.
--- Per Hasle
This was published in 'The Evangelical Quarterly', 1939, pp. 95-96. It is a review of: Barth, Karl: 1939, 'The Knowledge of God and the Service of God According to the Teaching of the Reformation'. The Gifford Lectures delivered in the University of Aberdeen in 1937 and 1938 by Karl Barth. Hodder and Stoughton. Thus this item is in fact an offprint, but not found in Øhrstrøm/Flo's bibliography. See Additions to Bibliography 1939a. Also found in scrapbook in box 11. (See Scrapbook Listings, section 1, item 80a). |
ORIG for Additions to Bibliography 1940q. (See also Scrapbook Listings, section 1, item 11).
--- Per Hasle
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Department of Communication and Psychology
Aalborg University
Rendsburggade 14
DK-9000 Aalborg
Denmark